The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action

1 Health hazards, exposures, and impacts 1.1 Heat and health 1.1.1 Exposure of vulnerable populations to heatwaves 1.1.2 Heat and physical activity 1.1.3 Change in labour capacity 1.1.4 Rising night-time temperatures and sleep loss 1.1.5 Heat-related mortality 1.2 Health and extreme weather-related events 1.2.1 Wildfires 1.2.2 Drought 1.2.3 Extreme precipitation 1.2.4 Sand and dust storms 1.2.5 Extreme weather and sentiment 1.3 Climate suitability for infectious disease transmission 1.3.1 Dengue 1.3.2 Malaria 1.3.3 Vibrio 1.3.4 West Nile virus 1.4 Food security and undernutrition 2 Adaptation, planning, and resilience for health 2.1 Assessment and planning of health adaptation 2.1.1 National assessments of climate change impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation for health 2.1.2 National Adaptation Plans for health 2.1.3 City-level climate change risk assessments 2.2 Enabling conditions, adaptation delivery, and implementation 2.2.1 Climate information for health 2.2.2 Benefits and harms of air conditioning 2.2.3 Urban greenspace 2.2.4 Global multilateral funding for health adaptation programmes 2.2.5 Detection of, preparedness for, and response to health emergencies 2.2.6 Climate and health education and training 2.3 Vulnerabilities, health risk, and resilience to climate change 2.3.1 Vulnerability to severe mosquito-borne disease 2.3.2 Lethality of extreme weather events 2.3.3 Rising sea levels, migration, and displacement 3 Mitigation actions and health co-benefits 3.1 Energy use, energy generation, and health 3.1.1 Energy systems and health 3.1.2 Household energy use 3.1.3 Sustainable and healthy road transport 3.2 Air quality and health co-benefits 3.2.1 Mortality from ambient air pollution by sector 3.2.2 Household air pollution 3.3 Food, agriculture, and health co-benefits 3.3.1 Emissions from agricultural production and consumption 3.3.2 Diet and health co-benefits 3.4 Tree cover loss 3.5 Health-care sector emissions and harms 4 Economics and finance 4.1 The economic impact of climate change and its mitigation 4.1.1 Economic losses due to weather-related extreme events 4.1.2 Costs of heat-related mortality 4.1.3 Loss of earnings from heat-related labour capacity reduction 4.1.4 Costs of the health impacts of air pollution 4.2 The transition to net zero carbon, health-supporting economies 4.2.1 Employment in low-carbon and high-carbon industries 4.2.2 Compatibility of fossil fuel company strategies with the Paris Agreement 4.2.3 Stranded coal assets from the energy transition 4.2.4 Country preparedness for the transition to net zero 4.2.5 Production-based and consumption-based attribution of CO2 and PM2·5 emissions 4.3 Financial transitions for a healthy future 4.3.1 Clean energy investment 4.3.2 Funds divested from fossil fuels 4.3.3 Net value of fossil fuel subsidies and carbon prices 4.3.4 Fossil fuel and green sector bank lending 5 Public and political engagement with health and climate change 5.1 Media engagement with health and climate change 5.2 Individual engagement with health and climate change 5.3 Scientific engagement with health and climate change 5.3.1 Scientific articles on health and climate change 5.3.2 Scientific engagement with the health impacts of climate change 5.4 Political engagement with health and climate change 5.4.1 Government engagement 5.4.2 Engagement by international organisations 5.5 Corporate sector engagement with health and climate change